Durkheim s Theory Of Social Facts - 1741 Words

One of the central premises of Durkheim s theory is grounded in the concept of social facts. According to Durkheim, social facts are, â€Å"ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that are external to individuals and exerts control over them.† Essentially, these social facts are external to an individual and exists independently of a single person. These social facts exist in the networks of interaction between people, making them harder to notice, until a person goes against them at which point they are meet with consequences, sanctions and regulation. Social facts coupled with collective consciousness, which consist of the shared norms, beliefs and values of a society, creates a sense of solidarity among a society and eventually to a reality†¦show more content†¦Despite the fact that western countries prohibit sweatshops and are collectively against poor working conditions, child labour, and poor wages on a domestic level and therefore resist, they still contribute by participating in trading practices with these sweatshops in other countries. Another distinguishing aspect of an organic solidity is the emphasis on individualism, especially in western societies. The emphasis is placed on the individual which fuels into consumerism, and their lack of society on a larger scale. The emphasis on consumerism only furthers the agenda and financially support these sweatshops, which doesn’t necessairly benefit everyone equally. Durkheim s argument of solidarity is closely linked to the division of labour. Durkheim defines division of labour as a method of production that produces interdependency between individuals. An organic solidarity society, the specialization of jobs means that an individual can’t survive alone. The introduction of globalization makes this society more complex as the defining factor that makes a organic solidary society is the moral/ dynamic density, which is the number of people in a society and their degree of interactivity between them. Within a globalized world dynamic density is increasing which introduces a more competitve market creating a natural driver for society toShow MoreRelatedDurkheim s Theory Of Social Facts1071 Words   |  5 PagesQ) Critically evaluate Durkheim’s theory of ‘Social Facts’ and how might it be used for a study of contemporary society. In this essay, I will go on to examine Durkheim’s theory of social facts from his book and evaluate how might it be used in contemporary society, ‘The Rules of Sociological Method.’ Durkheim is one of the pioneers of the functionalism and is considered to be one of the founders of classic sociology. Durkheim states that the phrase ‘social facts’ commonly denotes almost every sociallyRead MoreDurkheim on Totemism1573 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿In order to truly assess the legitimacy of Durkheim s functionalist definition of religion, his notion of Social facts, (upon which his theory is constructed) must be examined. Durkheim advocated that amongst the reputable fields of biology, psychology and history, Sociology also warranted a specific focus. It was, for him: a sui generis something that had to be explained on its own terms. Sociology was not, for Durkheim, a field that should be susceptible to overlapping subject matter:Read MoreThe Theory Of History And Division Of Labor1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theory of History Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim are the great sociologists in this world; they give us many thoughts about the social theory and let us to learn how the society is. They both had described a theory of human history and division of labor. Despite some differences, Marx and Durkheim have concentrated on the emergence of modern capitalism especially with the rise of the modern system of division of labor and the evolution of market society. Their methods are developed through theRead MoreEmile Durkheim1131 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim, the world s first official Sociologist believes society is a complex structure in which each separate part is responsible for its own function for the benefit of the whole. This essay will explain how society can be both internal and external to human beings, also three characteristics of the social fact concept, and three of Durkheim s sociologically significant concepts. According to Durkheim, society comes in two forms: internal and external. Fi rst, the internal society formsRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Webers Influence On Religion1727 Words   |  7 PagesThree theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, are undoubtedly the fathers of modern sociology. â€Å"Nineteenth century Western Europe was pounded by pivotal forces of transformation. Politics, education, religion, communication science, art, and social life were being revolutionized.† (Mohseni 1994;85) Each with distinct views on society and religion, these sociologists are and their theories are significant especially in the field of society. Just as much as they play a major role in theRead MoreDurkheim s Theory Of Anomie1530 Words   |  7 Pages This essay is going to outline Durkheim s theory of anomie and use this to explore the importance of a sense of belonging in modern society. This exploration will be used in explanation of the causes of the modern phenomenon of youth joining gangs. Firstly, the work and focuses of Durkheim will be introduced. Secondly, his concept of anomie and relevant surrounding theories will be defined and explained. Thirdly, the impacts of anomie will be discussed. Next, anomie will be related to the senseRead MoreDurkheim And Weber s Theories Of Religion And Modernity962 Words   |  4 PagesEmile Durkheim and Max Weber are two prominent philosophers whose theories unequivocally differed on countless themes. The outlooks of Durkheim and Weber contrast however, their general message in which they attempt to convey are of similar ideologies. When examining Durkheim and the concept of sacred and profane, one would see how it parallels with Weber’s notion of enchantment and disenchantment. Their stances on religion correspond with each other and despite their distinct conceptual frameworksRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 Pagescore sociology theorists; Marx, Weber and Durkheim, they all had different opinions about how society funct ioned through the different types of relationships. Each theorists had a different perspective about â€Å"the social† and how that perspective presented it through society. Marx’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on production relations and how the classes interacted with one another through that type of relationship (Marx 1844). Weber’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on meaningful relationshipsRead MoreEmile Durkheim s Theory Of The Founding Fathers Of Modern Sociology841 Words   |  4 PagesEmile Durkheim, is known as one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. Durkheim has the theory that every individual in a community, is to born to live and then die. A Durkheimian definition of community is that it has propinquity, which means residential closeness. Also has a social network where everyone in the community all know each other. Finally, a Durkheimian community must include a collective consciousness, which is when the p eople in the community share the same understanding of rightRead MoreMax Weber And Durkheim s Views On Religion1250 Words   |  5 Pagesof beliefs and cultural systems that relate humanity to an order of existence. One of the foundations of religion is social orientation that in one way or another influence a society s social stability. Max Weber along with Emile Durkheim were very influential people in the course of social stability in the 19th century. Weber and Durkheim attempted to make comprehensible social changes, particularly in the aspects of religion of a society. Their perspectives on religion differ on some aspects

Nursing Study Guide Block 4 Final Free Essays

Study Guide for the Final Exam Here are the rules: please do not call me or email me questions about the study guide. I will answer questions about the study guide during the brief review before the exam itself. You cannot memorize the answers to the questions and do well on the exam- the questions are meant to stimulate thinking, not to be answers. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Study Guide Block 4 Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please remember to review the chapters on shock and MODS as there are questions on this content. 1. There are several ABG questions; remember these also include oxygen numbers so be prepared to determine oxygenation in addition to acid base PH: 7. 35- 7. 45 PCO2: 35-45 HCO3: 22-26 O2: 94-100 2. Review the care of the patient with pneumonia, including applicable nursing diagnoses and measureable outcomes Restrictive respiratory disorder: decreased lung expansion- low PaO2, decreased lung compliance, normal to low P/Q ration, shunt, respiratory alkalosis (blowing off co2, more bicarbonate) increased RR, TV smaller. SOB/cough, dyspnea=how many words can they say in one breath chest pain, fatigue, wt. loss, lung crackles, care: HOB 30deg, fluids to clear secretions, tidal volume–normal breathing 500mL Nursing dx: impaired gas exchange, ineffective breathing pattern, acute pain Outcomes: maintains adequate alveolar oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, clears lungs of fluids and exudates. Demonstrates effective RR, rhythm, and depth of respirations. Reports control of pain following relief measures. . Review the treatment for TB (look in Lewis), including medications, length of treatment, evaluation of treatment plan, who is most likely to get TB infection, and side effects of the medications Medications: aggressive TB treatment: four drugs for 6 months, (INH, rifampin [Rifadin], pyrazinamide [PZA], and ethambutol) Newer: rifamycins, rifubin, rifapentine, first line for special situations Length of treatment: 6 months- 1 Year Evaluation of treatment plan: resolution of the disease, normal pulmonary function, absence of any complication, no transmission of TB, Most likely to contract: Asians have the highest TB rate, followed by Hawaiians and pacific islanders. African Americans are the highest rate inside the US. (45%) Higher rates of TB infections with patients with HIV infections Side effects of meds: alcohol increases hepatotoxicity of INH, monitor liver function. PZA may not be included in initial phase (due to liver disease or pregnancy) 4. Review the care of a patient with lung surgery, including chest tube management To keep lung inflated Drain fluid from interpleural space How do you know if collapsed lung: Blood gases, Chest X-ray, Vital signs, Color Air leaks – bubbling in water chamber: check your tubes for air leak make sure they’re always free of kinks. Don’t milk the chest tube (unless ordered). Continued bubbling = pneumothorax not resolved yet, Constant vigorous bubbling = air leak in system Should see tidaling if not attached to suction 100cc/hr. of drainage = call doc Determine if working correctly by: Monitor output, pain, breath sounds, assess patient breathing, auscultate, ABG, pulse ox (SPO2), skin/mucous membrane coloring, and respiratory effort Chest tube pain is common- give pain meds 7/10 5. Review heart failure: right-sided (acute and chronic), left- sided (acute and chronic), pulmonary edema, cardiomyopathy and management of the patients; remember to review the hemodynamic changes (and values) associated with right and left sided failure RIGHT SIDED HF: (FLUID RETENTION): Corpulmonale, systemic edema, neck vein distention, weight gain, fluid retention, Risk: COPD, hypoxia (pulmonary HTN), causes pulmonary vasoconstriction. CVP = increased; PVR = increased; SVR = increased; wedge = increased; contractility = decreased medication: nitroglycerine to decrease venous return, fix preload LEFT SIDED HF: (RESPIRATORY) DYSPNEA ON EXERTION, back up in lungs, pink frothy sputum, decreased O2 stat, increase RR. CVP = increased; PVR = increased; SVR = increased; wedge = increased; contractility = decreased HEART FAILURE: Usually starts out with one ventricle. Nitroglycerine, aspirin, O2, pericardial thump, Lasix, ACE, + inotrope, Class 4, transplant, symptomatic. ACUTE HF: Dig, Lasix, ACE, ARBS, Betas, Calcium Channel, Nitro, and Aspirin, compensatory mechanism is ok. CHRONIC HF: both ventricles can fail (left to right), Dig, Lasix, ACE, BETA, ARBS (if cough), calcium channel blocker, Primacore, compensatory mechanism makes it worse. 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HF: 1. Systolic: problems pushing volume out problem with too much afterload: HTN. TX: decrease SVR with dig, Lasix (diuretics), ACE. 2. Diastolic: problem with filling and getting blood in (Hypertrophic cardio) less room for blood TX: Beta blockers to reduce contraction or calcium channel then ACE. If you give them DIG it will kill them (will increase heart working too hard). PULMONARY EDEMA: hallmark: pink frothy sputum, Left- sided heart failure. Decreased albumin, decreased oncotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure. Dilated: Left vent is dilated (stretched out of shape) decreasing the ejection fraction. Vent is overstretched from CHF or chronic hypertension. Diagnose with chest X-ray: heart is BIG. TX: Dig, Lasix, Ace. Arrhythmias will increase mortality rate HYPERTROPHIC: L vent hypertrophy decreases the ability of the chamber to relax, decrease contractility (athlete, hereditary. ) TX: BB, CCB Constricted/restricted: normal size heart with decreased cardiac muscle compliance. Scarred= fibrosis, radiation, infection (rheumatic fever) control of volume overload is AGGRESSIVE: Ace, Diuretic, Dobutamine, Nitroglycerin/Nitropresside, exercise restriction . Review patho and management of COPD, especially related to acute respiratory failure. COPD: obstructive, exhalation problem, air flows in but then becomes trapped, teach pursed lipped breathing to improve FRC. Clinical manifestations: increased lung expansion, normal to increased TLC, decreased forces expiratory volume, increased functional residual capacity, decreased vital capacity, increased CO2, O2 sat-80-100, PaO2- 60 Best mask to use is vent mask, most precise O2 is delivered. Barrel chest- chronic hyperinflation of torso Corpulmonale, expiratory time, wheezing or rhonchi, A fib from chronic overuse of right ventricle TX: beta agonist/beta stimulant=dilates airway (epinephrine, albuterol) Anticholinergic bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mucolytic=thin out secretions, Mucinex or SVN mucomist, pulmonary vasodilators not common, prostaglandin E2, supposed to dilate pulmonary vessels but BP can plummet too. Nitrous oxide can temporarily improve pulmonary HTN but doesn’t improve outcomes Respiratory Failure: ALOC- confusion, restless. Nasal flaring, increased HR, increased BP, increased RR, increased depth, PVCs, Pulmonary Embolism=blue very fast, otherwise cyanosis is a late sign 7. Review management of patients on ventilators, including process of weaning and recognition of weaning failure AC – assist control: doing all the breathing for the patient. It’s providing Tidal volume and oxygen. For your unstable patient NO pressure support needed SIMV – synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation: For weaning: Makes it easier for patient to take their own spontaneous breath. Tidal volume off and O2 on. Pressure support adjunct PEEP – positive end expiratory pressure, Keeps alveoli open by use of positive pressure. Increases FRC – air left in after exhalation. ARDS patient. Little bit of positive pressure at the end of exhalation. Use with SIMV or AC. Keep between 5-10, and not over How to cite Nursing Study Guide Block 4 Final, Papers

Marketing Supply Chain Network

Question: Task: Individual Research Report Assessment Details: At a minimum, your report must address the following issus: - A definition of the customers needs, wants, demand, product and market identified for the organisation - A discussion of the Orientation the company exhibits toward the market place - The major competitive issues facing the firm (for instance, the nature and level of competition, competitive strategy profiles, regulations, etc) - Segmenting, targeting and positioning issues relating to the organisation. Answer: Introduction Nestle is a champion among the most comprehended relationships in the matter of sustenance in the branch of coffee products. Coffee capsules of Nespresso are a product made by Nespresso, a working unit of the Nestl Group, created in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Nespresso coffee capsules are one of the principal products of Nespresso, and they have a focal impact accessible. The company Nespresso is operating mainly in the market of coffee machines. The machines of Nespresso brew espresso and coffee from the coffee capsules or pods in bar machines which is a variety of pre-apportioned single-use urn of ground coffee beans with added flavors. Moreover, the company is also selling its coffee capsules and coffee machines in the international market. The company had strated its journey in the year of 1976. As stated by Bhatta, (2011) an employee of Nestl, invented, patented and introduced the Nespresso system. Now, it can be identified as one of the major companies in its target marker. As opined by Janiszewska Insch, (2012) needs can be designated as the as goods or services that are required. Needs are imperative for survival. However, on the other hand, the idea of want represents something different. As mentioned by Tapp Spotswood, (2013) wants are goods or services that are not necessary but that we desire or wish for. In the case of Nespresso and its products, the company has utilized the want of the potential customer. The products of the company are typically upscale and of the best quality. Moreover, coffee can be identified as a lifestyle product. The offerings of Nespresso is the best quality coffee capsules as well as high quality coffee machines. The price of the products are relatively higher than most of its competitors. The premium pricing strategy of the company is targeting the affluent group of customers. The finest green coffee and the selected capsules and innovative machines are mainly targeting the high social class and the buyers with high purchasing power. In spite of this, by utilizing the idea of want of the customers the company is holding 15% of the global market (Brem, Maier Wimschneider, 2016). Customer preferences Product Coffee capsules made by Nespresso have its own standard and has set its own bench mark in the category of coffee capsules (Bhatta, 2011). In spite of the fact that Nespresso came into the scenario with its line of coffee powder., its smart move into the capsule section has earned it its name and given it an entirely different image in the coffee market. The key thought behind working on the coffee capsules was related to making something for the coffee machines of unique taste unlike the coffee powder and ensuring that the fragrance of the coffee does not leave the coffee. In such a case, the coffee capsules were made by the association with a point of view of making something suitable for single use with each capsule having their unique flavors stored (Peppers Rogers, 2011). While earlier coffee machines were obliged to the shops, the present instance of owning coffee machines could be seen in every family with most of them asking for that alliance allowing them in setting up their outlets. While portraying the product on three layers, the center product is, truly, the coffee capsule that is hugely improved than the powdered coffee as the capsules don't lose their flavor and in like manner, help in offering the coffee with an upgraded fragrance enhancing ones experience of having it (Baek, JeeHee, Bang, Han Na, Kim, EunJeong, 2012). The products are grouped according to the grade of the materials used and their impact on the human body. The lifecycle of the product can be seen when we check the movement of the product (Navarro, Tiwari, Turner, 2013). In any case, as coffee machines wound up being logically understood, the other rival associations on the other hand started making substitute things for the coffee machines that took after Nespresso's coffee capsules. Market identification: Nespressos target market can be identified as the affluent group of the customers. The company is mainly targeting the coffee lovers in the global market. According to the market research of the company it can be identified that the majority of the customers of the Nespresso products are the females. Most of the customers of the offerings of Nespresso are the middle-aged persons, mainly belonging to the 30 to 50 years of age group. Moreover, target customers of the Nespresso offerings are the higher income group. The company does not have any global boundary. The customers of the company are the people who possess a psychology of aristocratic behaviour. The brand Nespresso is one of the pioneers in the coffee business and the development of the coffee capsules has proven to be one of the most important accomplishments (Virn, 2008). The examination of the internal and external environment of the company reveals the special setting force which helps the management to plan their way ahead. With the aid of this practice the managers do get firm belief that they are working for the betterment of the product and also keeping intact the image of the brand itself. The examination of the external factors does help in keeping the relationship intact among the customers and the company. It has been seen that Nespressos progress in the growing days is also continuing to grow the client base. Market orientation As opined by Janiszewska Insch, (2012) marketing oriented companies focus on the customer needs and for them the opportunities arise from the changing needs of the customers or market. As stated by Tapp Spotswood, (2013) the marketing orientation of the company can be identified as consumer focused. The Nespresso has reviewed the food habit of the upper class people and identified the popularity of coffee within that group. Hence, they introduced best quality coffee capsule product in their product line with a premium pricing strategy. On the other hand, the marketing orientation of the company may also be identified as product oriented. The company claims that the quality is their passion (Brem, Maier Wimschneider, 2016). Hence, in the marketing strategy of Nespresso, the promotion of the quality of the coffee capsules acquires a great extent. The most important reasons of Nespressos success can be identified as marketing to the right folks and providing a genuine product. Nespresso has rightly identified the upscale customers as their target and providing the best quality product by making justification with the announced price level. Market competitiveness: The competitive issues: High price: The product has been priced scarcely higher than its competitors (Bloodgood Katz, 2004). Compromising in the aspect of quality can cause the brand to lose its clients, as it would suggest that the brand is wheeling and dealing on its quality. In such a case, looking over is a way that will be betterment for the brand quality. The concern on that has been set for prospects for growing advantage in the long run (Ferran, n.d.). As opined by Janiszewska Insch, (2012) the issue of strict competition cannot be ignored by a company which is operating in a market for a long time. In the case of Nespresso, Nestle is facing the same competitive issue. The coffee capsule product of Nespresso is facing huge competition from the coffee bin industries worldwide. The name of Senseo, Tassimo, Keurig and many others can be discussed in this regard. Limited distribution channel than the competitors: On the other, hand the issue of limited distribution channel cannot be ignored. As mentioned by Baek et al., (2012) the coffee capsule product of the company is not being available to the large extent of customers due to its lack of required distribution channels. The coffee capsules of Nespresso are not available in all outlets of similar products. Moreover, as the company is targeting only the upscale consumers, the product is only available in the official website, boutiques and the well-known departmental stores of the city areas. Furthermore, as mentioned by Brem, Maier Wimschneider, (2016) the product is hardly available in the markets outside the USA. Thus, it is reducing the customer response of the product. Competition with the substitutes: In addition, as opined by Alvarez, Pilbeam Wilding, (2010) tea can be a great substitution threat to the market of the coffee capsules of Nespresso. Tea is a greatly popular drink worldwide. Not only the aristocrats, but also the middle and low-income groups like to have tea. Moreover, the companies, which are operating in the tea market, have made themselves available to almost all level (income groups) of customers. Unlike Nespresso, their product is affordable for all income groups. Barriers of entry: However, the barriers of entry have to be discussed in this regard. The company is enjoying a huge economy of scale. Moreover, the startup cost will be huge for the companys trying to enter in the market. They have to compete with the economy of scale of the company. Moreover, the governmental issues cannot be ignored. The company is facing issues with the restricted recycling potential of the single-serve aluminum pods. As mentioned by Alvarez, Pilbeam Wilding, (2010) the company has not followed any any recycling programs outside of a few parts of Switzerland. It has made government involve in the business process of the company. Hence, the companys 38-point list of commitments is dedicated to fight this issue. The new entrants have to keep on mind these environmental regulations. On the other hand, the product and the technology of the company are of high quality and upscale. It will create a great barrier to the new entrants in the selected market. A barrier of entry to this cof fee market can be identified the product differentiation. Not a many company is providing the same quality product of the Nespresso. However, there are a number of companies, which are offering the customers the same pattern of product and in mush lower price than that of Nespresso. Market Segmentation Segmenting and targeting issues: If the market segmentation of the coffee capsule of Nespresso can be done, it can be noticed that the majority of the customers are coming from the affluent group. On the other hand, the company is getting the more customer base from the females. Moreover, this particular product of Nespresso can be identified as a popular drink among the middle age group. Now, it can be identified as a segmenting issue of the company. The company is targeting a very small range of coffee consumer in the world. It is reducing the potential profit level of the coffee capsule product of the company. The company needs to enhance its boundary of the target group. As mentioned by Brem, Maier Wimschneider, (2016) the target market of Nespresso is really narrow and high standard. It is restricting the huge customer base in the middle-income group of the global coffee market. As opined by Alvarez, Pilbeam Wilding, (2010) the company is deliberately targeting the consumers who are serious about their coffee. As mentioned by Brem, Maier Wimschneider, (2016) Nespresso machines are quite expensive- some are upwards of $800. The target market of the company may be providing it a tag of upscale drink, but it is limiting the profitability of the company. The company needs to increase the brand awareness among the potential customers and increase the market segment of the products. Market Positioning: The product has been made considering the necessities to be included in the complete pack. In such a case, the IMC has been achieved with a viewpoint to push the product among these circles. The progression has been done transversely over various channels that give the affiliation an ideal approach in managing regular interact with the goal customers (McDermott, 1998). The web progress goes for portraying the diverse flavors that the product offers; the structure that is related here is along these lines an arrangement of division from its adversaries. The brand goes for portraying to the customers that it can give the customers a comprehensive course of choices for flavors that are not given by the contenders. In such a case, the customers are additionally managed to go for the products, as they do not think much about spending more for a unique product that in like way gives the customer such a course of choices (Bejou Palmer, 2005) The positioning issues: As discussed by Baek et al., (2012) the positioning of a brand depends on a number of issues or variables. However, most importantly, the variables like, price level and product quality determines the brand positioning of a product. Figure 1: Brand position of Nespresso (Source: Alvarez Pilbeam Wilding, 2010) Here, in the above provided graph, it can be identified that the brand position of Nesspresso is high in both the quality and price benchmark. As mentioned by Alvarez, Pilbeam Wilding, (2010) in the case of the USA market, the company holds 7% market share. On the other hand, the luxury image of the brand has also positioned it to the higher range in the positioning map. It may become a threat for the companys profitability. As mentioned by Baek et al., (2012) with the global trend of economic slowdown, the rate of disposable income of the consumers is decreasing. In the cases of these life style products like coffee, this is hugely affecting the market. The company is creating a tag of upscale product, which is hurting the potentiality of the brand in the popular market. Hence, the company needs to acquire the market that has not been reached yet. For this, the company has to compromise with its price level. The company may launch small quantity of the product in a lower price and promote it as a product for everyone. It will help the company to reach the previously un-approached group of customers and thus get a better position in the brand-positioning map. Moreover, if the company can win the heat of this potential customer group and utilize the want factor, it will surely provide better level of customer base in the future. Conclusion Nespresso is having a reasonable relationship today and their product, the coffee capsules have correspondingly been preferred by the customers to a great extent proving it productive to an astounding degree. The product was initially dispatched to an area for the coffee machines in the shops. In such a case, it was a business product and meant for a particular customer base. Regardless, the rising occupations gave some people their very own coffee machines and like this; the product saw a positive turn in its game-plans. Consequently, it changed its status to a client product. This move brought up in the game-plans recommended that the product is now something indicated to be used by all brining more and more challenges for the business divisions working with it. In such a case, the product required a suitable moving structure that would help it in keeping up its place in the market place. All the USP of Nespresso has assisted in keeping up the product quality while helping in retai ning the division and uniqueness of the product from the ones offered by the competitors. References Alvarez, G., Pilbeam, C., Wilding, R. (2010). Nestl Nespresso AAA sustainable quality program: an investigation into the governance dynamics in a multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ stakeholder supply chain network.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,15(2), 165-182.https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598541011028769 Baek, JeeHee, Bang, Han Na, Kim, EunJeong,. (2012). The Effect of Brand Identity represented in Store Identity Elements on Brand Attitude and Purchase Intention - Focusing on Domestic Capsule Coffee Machine Stores -.A Journal Of Brand Design Association Of Korea,10(1), 25-36.https://dx.doi.org/10.18852/bdak.2012.10.1.25 Bejou, D. Palmer, A. (2005).The future of relationship marketing. New York: Best Business Books. Bhatta, K. (2011). Customer Behavior and Preferences: A Survey Report.Banking J,1(1).https://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bj.v1i1.5145 Bloodgood, J. Katz, J. (2004).MANUFACTURING CAPACITY, MARKET SHARE, AND COMPETITIVENESS.Competitiveness Review,14(1/2), 60-71.https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046468 Brem, A., Maier, M., Wimschneider, C. (2016). Competitive advantage through innovation: the case of Nespresso.Euro JrnlOf Inn Mnagmnt,19(1), 133-148.https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-05-2014-0055 Chung, C. Tauchen, G. (2001). Testing Target-Zone Models Using Efficient Method of Moments.JournalOf Business Economic Statistics,19(3), 255-277.https://dx.doi.org/10.1198/073500101681019891 Ferran, E. Capital Market Competitiveness and Enforcement.SSRN Electronic Journal.https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1127245 HOWELL, A. (2011). Labor Market Segmentation in Urumqi, Xinjiang: Exposing Labor Market Segments and Testing the Relationship between Migration and Segmentation.Growth And Change,42(2), 200-226.https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.2011.00550.x Janiszewska, K. Insch, A. (2012).The Strategic Importance of Brand Positioning in the Place Brand Concept Elements, Structure and Application of the Positioning Statement.JOIS,5(1), 9-19.https://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2012/5-1/2 Matzler, K., Bailom, F., Friedrich von den Eichen, S., Kohler, T. (2013). Business model innovation: coffee triumphs for Nespresso.Journal Of Business Strategy,34(2), 30-37.https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756661311310431 McDermott, P. (1998). Positioning planning in a market economy.Environ. Plann. A,30(4), 631-646.https://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300631 Nakos, G., Brouthers, K., Dimitratos, P. (2013). International Alliances with Competitors and Non-Competitors: The Disparate Impact on Sme International Performance.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,8(2), 167-182.https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sej.1169 Navarro, R., Tiwari, A., Turner, C. (2013).Improving product lifecycle management implementations by applying 'lean' principles.International Journal Of Product Lifecycle Management,6(4), 357.https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijplm.2013.063212 Peppers, D. Rogers, M. (2011).Managing customer relationships. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Tapp, A. Spotswood, F. (2013). From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix.Journal Of Social Marketing,3(3), 206-222.https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-01-2013-0011 Tweedale, A. (2016). Systematic review for pre-market risk assessment.Environment International.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.028 Virn, M. (2008).Gaming in the new market environment. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Zweimller, M., Winter-Ebmer, R., Weichselbaumer, D. (2008). Market Orientation and Gender Wage Gaps: an International Study.Kyklos,61(4), 615-635.https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2008.00419.x

Learning Strategies

Abstract Language is a very important tool of communication, and it becomes even more effective if well mastered. Therefore, for ease of communication with people from different cultures, acquisition of a second language is paramount.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Learning Strategies – Second Language Acquisition (English) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will discuss the process of learning a second language including the good language learner strategies, classification of the learning strategies, strategic instructions attempts and the style and strategies-based instructions combined. Generally, strategies and procedures to apply in the learning of a second language should blend well with the learners needs in order to provide the expected outcome. In addition, the learning process of a second language will be based on three classifications of learning strategies including the function- based classification, skills-based classification, and the learning and use-based classification. All these classifications provide varied but equally useful outcomes in the acquisition of a second language. The paper will conclude by highlighting the strengths of learning procedures and strategies in acquisition of English language. Introduction Second language acquisition is the process that involves learning of a second language, which is different from an individual’s first language or mother tongue. Second language acquisition usually involves learning the art of writing or speaking another language. Since learning a new language may be quite difficult, it is usually important to have a goal or purpose for studying a second language; this may include to enhance practical communication or for civilization into the culture where that language is spoken (Lamb Reinders, 2008). This paper will discuss second language acquisition in relation to English language. Language Lear ner Strategies According to DÃ ¶rnyei (2005), language-learning strategies refer to various specific means, procedures, actions, and techniques including behaviors and steps use by individuals and students to promote their own learning. On the other hand, language acquisition strategies may be viewed as the awareness and conscious styles and procedures used by individuals and students to learn a new language.Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, strategies are the methods that an individual consciously selects and uses in the process of learning the language; this is in addition to the use of materials that aid in the learning process of the language in question (DÃ ¶rnyei, 2005). Moreover, Johnson (2004) is on the opinion that the interaction with environment rather than an inherent aspect of a leaner mainly influences second language learning. The student and individual ’s selected learning methods, procedures, and strategies should always go hand in hand when combined in order to promote the learning process. Normally, many people find it difficult to master a second language if they are not subjected to the environment that demand such learning or if a second language was not complemented with learning first language early in life (Robinson, 2002, p.95). It is always important that learners use the best strategies according to their preferences. This will highly motivate the learner; indeed, the learning of English as a second language will be effective, as the learner will be able to learn by himself or herself without depending on others. This will make the learner to do more research about the language without depending on anybody, since the learner will be able to gain self-confidence, hence making learning of the language more effective and enjoyable. In addition, it is important and advantageous for the learner to use relevant strate gies, which may include proper demonstration of the said strategy and application of better methods on how to evaluate and transfer the method and the strategy to other useful related task in the learning process. Besides, for better learning of a second language, and in this case English, it is important to apply proper assessment techniques in order to assess the learner’s capability to learn; this will allow selection of the best method. Therefore, learning process can apply assessment tools like interviews and observations in order to assess the learner’s needs easily. Again, learning can use other assessment procedures, which include the use of dialogue journals and the process of thinking aloud method in assessment of the learners.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Learning Strategies – Second Language Acquisition (English) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, the use of self-re port surveys can also be used in some learners to enable them to assess the best strategy and style of learning English language. Classification of the Learning Strategies There are various assessment tools and procedures that can be used to enable learners know the best step and strategy to use in the acquisition of second language. To begin with, there is the use of assessment technique and strategy known as learning and use-based classification method. In this method, learners tend to select the learning strategy and style consciously (DÃ ¶rnyei, 2005). Here, the student is able to identify and select materials that are important and are more necessary, for example the identification of important and common words in an extract of a book. In addition, it may also involve making distinction about the major materials and details that need proper mastery in the learning process of the language. Furthermore, the student is able to be involved in the grouping of important facts in the text according to their categories and meaning. Lastly, the student is able to start doing his or her homework alone, including the use of various strategies of enhancing quick memory, for example, the use of mnemonics and even proper repetition to improve memory of the content learnt in class. The language use strategy involves the selection of the best method to use in the process of learning the language. This requires application of retrieval methods in order to encourage the students to recall what they learnt in classroom properly. Again, this strategy can use rehearsal means and methods to help the student to master the content of the language in his/her mind in advance. In addition, the use of communication skills and strategies can be applied in this procedure and classification in order to make the student be able to start conversation with others using the learnt language (Gotz, 2013). The other classification category is skilled-based classification method. Here, skills are required to enhance mastery of a foreign language effectively. These skills normally include listening and reading skills, as well as writing skills; this may involve skills such as the use of skimming and scanning of texts in a book or listening to the sounds of a conversation (Macaro, 2010, p.96).Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here, the use of writing and speaking skills may be employed, for example, the reviewing of various parts of a text as well as the art of keeping conversation flowing. In addition, it can apply the use of vocabulary and language translation methods in order for the student to evaluate whether he or she has proper mastery of the language (Macaro, 2010). The last classification method is the function-based classification method. This method involves cognitive, affective, and social elements of the mind in determining whether the student is using the best method or not. According to Saville-Troike (2005), the functionality approach to learning second language begins with assumption that the function of second language is communication and any linguistics will be developed with focus to communication. It is also important to focus on real situations of language use as well as competence in order to improve the student’s memory lapse, hence allowing him/her to master the language faster and with confidence (Saville-Troike, 2005). The use of social aspect will be necessary in the process of socialization and interaction with other learners who are native speakers of the English language; this will help the student to get more clarification about the learnt language. Lastly, there is the metacognitive aspect of the mind that will enable the student to have proper planning of next routines about the language and to monitor and evaluate the performance concerning the language (Robinson Ellis, 2008). Conclusion The above discussion has defined second language acquisition as the process that involves learning of a second language, which is different from an individual’s first language or mother tongue. However, this might be challenging, hence the need to use learning strategies in the acquisition of the language. In addition, language is very important in communication and in building relationship, hence it is important that language be learnt using the b est strategies and styles that should work in harmony in order to produce better and good performance in the learning process. Lastly, best strategies and assessment methods to use in the acquisition and learning of English should be adopted. Some of the strategies discussed in the paper are function-based classification methods, skills-based classification methods, and the learning and use based classification category. The discussion also details that, when these styles and strategies are applied and used appropriately, learning English as a second language become less challenging. References DÃ ¶rnyei, Z. (2005). The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Gotz, S. (2013). Fluency in Native and Nonnative English Speech. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Johnson, M. (2004). Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale Universi ty Press. Lamb, T., Reinders, H. (Eds.). (2008). Learner and Teacher Autonomy: Concepts, Realities, and Responses. Amsterdam, NLD: John Benjamin Publishing Company. Macaro, E. (Ed.). (2010). Continuum Companion to Second Language Acquisition. London, England: Continuum International Publishing. Robinson, P. (2002). Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning. Philadelphia, Netherlands: John Benjamins. Robinson, P., and Ellis, N. (Eds.) (2008). Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition. New York, USA: Routledge. Saville-Troike, M. (2005). Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. This term paper on Learning Strategies – Second Language Acquisition (English) was written and submitted by user Uriah R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What the Mind Is and What It is Not Essays

What the Mind Is and What It is Not Essays What the Mind Is and What It is Not Essay What the Mind Is and What It is Not Essay Countless doctrines have been set forth to shed greater understanding on how the mind works, and the many factors that shape thinking.   The strands of thought among various philosophers, authors, psychologists, sociologists may be similar in some ways, but divergent views largely exist.   Notwithstanding the countless studies made and linked to the mind, not to mention all the present-day discussions and goals of creating a healthy mind, the latter remains an enigma. Across cultures, the nature function of the mind had been the subject of countless debates. Much effort has been expended to shed greater light on cognitive processes and their relationship to the external world. By its very nature, the mind tends to be restless, and it can only be truly understood by studying the various forces that influence or bear impact on it. Pointing out what the mind is – and what it is not – may be the first logical step in that direction. What the Mind Is and What It is Not The mind is usually referred to in many different ways – as a person or animal’s intellectual abilities, cognitive process, or mental skills. Quite often, the study of the mind is linked to the theory of evolution. Some clues on the complexities of the human mind may be obtained by turning to the study of man’s closest living species – the apes/chimpanzees, with their noteworthy social and general intelligence (Gorman, p. 13).   A clear picture of the mind can be initially explored by looking back many years ago and looking at common ancestors. â€Å"Looking at modern apes can tell much about the cognitive abilities of the common ancestor living 6 million years ago† (Gorman, p. 11). Nonetheless, while there may be striking similarities between chimpanzees and men in the way the brain is wired, this is but just a portion, or not really a dominant force shaping the development of   the human mind.   At this   point, it is important to differen tiate the mind from the brain. Theorists aver that while the brain is something that can be dissected and studied under the microscope, the mind â€Å"is an abstract concept that usually refers to the activities the brain generates† (Andreasen, 1984, p. 21).   In essence, the mind is not the brain. The mind, and brain, however, are inextricably linked. While it is easy to understand that man’s behavior, since he first came into existence, can be attributed to the evolution of his brain, â€Å"nothing is known about how the structure of our minds depends on the structure of our brains; nobody even knows which brain structures it is that our cognitive capacities depend on†¦ unlike our minds, our brains are, by any gross measure, very like those of apes† (Fodor, 1998, par. 11) Also, as German philosopher Immanuel Kant puts it, â€Å"the human mind is not passively formed by objects of perception; it actively `forms’ the raw material of objects given in perception. It adds something of its own to knowledge† (Ziniewicz, 1996, par. 3).   Simply put, the mind is not merely what it unwittingly absorbs from all the environmental stimuli or even psychic forces acting on it.   It is not a mere storehouse of data or knowledge, but more of a thinking, analyzing mechanism. While there are so many concepts or data bombarding human beings at different developmental stages, the interaction of genetic and environmental factors largely determine how those information are processed. This is a view supported by many sociologists who have undertaken studies on cognitive development. The various external factors may be closely examined to fully understand how the mind works. The mind may be seen, then, as a dynamic multi-tasker. â€Å"The mind is not a single entity but is composed of a number of faculties specialized for solving different adaptive problems†¦ it is a system of organs of computation that enabled our ancestors to survive and reproduce in the physical and social worlds in which our species spent most of its evolutionary history† (Pinker 2005). Indeed, the interplay of various forces, ranging from biological to psychological, need to be considered to get a better grasp on what the mind is and how it works. There are so many simplistic ways to describe the mind in the context of how it assimilates information, how it processes that information, and how it arrives at solutions to problems and complexities in life requiring attention or action. Like any other system, â€Å"the human mind contains a certain amount of psychic energy†¦ striving to maintain an equilibrium† (Andreasen, 1984, p. 22).   This was expressed by Sigmund Freud, the celebrated Austrian psychiatrist well known for his theories of the subconscious mind.   Psychologist and author Howard Gardner, on the other hand, established that the mind is equipped with multiple intelligences, which   include â€Å"linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, and two forms of personal intelligence† (Gorman, p. 5). There are many other theories elaborating on the workings of the mind and the many forces that come together to affect and influence people’s modes of thinking and behaving. It is safe to deduce from many given views theories, that the mind is not static.

Simple Explanation What Is FAFSA

Simple Explanation What Is FAFSA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard your high school counselor or other students reference the FAFSA, and you didn't know what they were talking about? What is FAFSA, and what do you have to know about it?Well, if you're hoping to get financial aid for college, then it's criticalthat you know about the FAFSA. In this article, I will explain what the FAFSA is, why it's important, and the information you need to fill it out. What Is the FAFSA? FAFSA is an acronym that stands for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Colleges and universities use this form to determine your eligibility for federal, state, and college-sponsored financial aid, including grants, educational loans, and work-study programs. Therefore, even though the FAFSA is technically the application for federal aid, you have to fill it out to receive state and college-sponsored financial aid as well. If you're hoping for any government or school financial aid for college, you should file a FAFSA. How does the FAFSA determine your eligibility for financial aid? The FAFSA is used by the US Department of Education to calculate your Expected Family Contribution, or EFC, for college. Your EFC is a dollar amount that reflects how much you can afford to pay for college for the following academic year. The lower your EFC, the more aid you're eligible to receive. Your EFC is determined based on income, assets, and other household information you'll be asked to provide on the FAFSA. What Information Is Required on the FAFSA? You can check out the FAFSA worksheet to see all of the information you need to properly fill out the FAFSA. Now, I'll explain the information you need to enter on the form. Citizenship Status/Alien Number You need to be a legal resident of the United States or a US citizen to submit a FAFSA. However, if you're an undocumented immigrant, you have other options to get financial aid for college. Dependency Status For FAFSA purposes, most of you will be considered dependents, meaning that you're under the care of your parents. All dependents have to answer questions about their parents on the FAFSA. Due to varying family situations, this is the FAFSA definition of a "parent" for the purposes of filling out this form: "Parent" refers to a biological or adoptive parent or a person determined by the state to be a parent (for example, if the parent is listed on the birth certificate). Grandparents, foster parents, legal guardians, older siblings, and uncles or aunts are not considered parents on the FAFSA unless they have legally adopted you. If your legal parents are living and married to each other, answer the questions on the FAFSA about both of them. If your legal parents are not married and live together, answer the questions about both of them. In case of divorce or separation, give information about the parent you lived with most in the last 12 months. If you did not live with one parent more than the other, give information about the parent who provided you the most financial support during the last 12 months or during the most recent year you received support. If your divorced or widowed parent has remarried, also provide information about your stepparent. Financial Information Dependents have to report information from their parents, including their parents' previous year's adjusted gross income, government aid, untaxed income, and any other financial benefits. Your parents may be able to use the IRS Retrieval Tool to transfer their tax return information to your online FAFSA. Also, you have to report any financial benefits you received in the previous year, even if you're a dependent. What Happens After You File Your FAFSA? Student Aid Report After you file your FAFSA, if you provide a valid e-mail address, you'll receive your Student Aid Report, or SAR, in 3-5 days. Without a valid e-mail address, you'll receive your SAR via mail in 7-10 days. Your SAR will have a summary of the information you submitted on your FAFSA along with your EFC. Remember that your EFC does not determine the amount of aid you will receive from colleges; it determines the amount of aid you're eligible to receive. The EFC that displays on your SAR is a calculation based on the information you provided on your FAFSA. If there are any errors in your SAR, you can correct the information online. If your application is incomplete, your SAR will not include an EFC, but it will display text that specifies any issues that need to be resolved. In this situation, you'll also be able to complete your FAFSA online. Financial Aid Award Letters The colleges you list on your FAFSA will have access to your information electronically one day after it's processed. Colleges will use the information from your FAFSA to help determine what financial aid they offer you. Shortly after you receive your college acceptances, or even with college acceptance letters, you'll receive financialaid award letters from the colleges that accepted you. However, if you apply early decision or early action, you may have to wait until those who applied for regular decision receive their acceptance notices to get your financial aid award letter. The financial aid award letter outlines your financial aid package, including the amount of aid you'll be offered in grants, government loans, and scholarships. Subtract the amount of financial aid you're offered from the cost of attendance, and you can determine your out-of-pocket expenses for the upcoming academic year. Typically, you'll receive your aid award letters in March or April and have to commit to a college by May 1. Is the FAFSA Required? The FAFSA is only required if you want to be eligible for federal financial aid. Remember that most states and colleges also require the FAFSA to receive state or college-sponsored aid. If you or your parents can afford to pay the full cost of attendance to the colleges you apply to, then you don't have to file a FAFSA. If, based on your EFC, colleges determine that you can afford to pay the full cost of attending, you're unlikely to receive any need-based aid, even if you do file a FAFSA. Also, if you have received a scholarship that makes additional financial aid unnecessary, then you don't have to file a FAFSA. Keep in mind that regardless of whether or not you file a FAFSA, you or your parents can still take out loans to cover your college costs. What's Next? You need to submit a FAFSA to be eligible for valuable financial aid like the Pell Grant and work-study programs. Now that you understand the importance of the FAFSA, learn about how much college really costs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Living on campus and living off campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living on campus and living off campus - Essay Example Living on campus was really fun as I stayed in one of the best dormitories on campus. I had the opportunity of living with students in my class as some of them lived in my dormitory. I live far from campus due to the accommodation problems in the city and I do not have the opportunity of living close to my fellow colleagues. Life off campus was really good socially as I had the freedom to jive as I wanted to, which would not have been possible if I was still staying on campus. Living on campus really benefited my academics as I would easily interact with my lecturers and fellow students. When I was living on campus, we usually organized a discussion class, where we shared knowledge and ideas on some courses taught in class. This is not possible living off campus as there are no students around me, not to talk of organizing a discussion class. Now that I live off campus, I have to go to the campus when I need some vital materials for my course and this has not made my academic experience worthwhile. Living on campus has benefited me more academically than living off campus. Though, I now have privacy staying off campus as I know that there is nobody watching my steps, but the fact remains that there is distraction living off campus, which was not the case when I was living on campus. The primary aim of everybody that lived on campus was their academics, but students that lived off campus had different aims and motives. For me to achieve academic success living off campus, I have to wade off these distractions and concentrate more on my studies. I now have to deal with the problem of paying the bills of social utilities off campus as I was not bothered by these problems when I was living on campus. I would say from my experience that life off campus has been more interesting than life on campus and would want to go back to living on campus if I have the opportunity. But I have also

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Paraphrase - Essay Example This was basically used in the experiment as the components are easy to control and manipulate due to the less number of parameters. Also the various parameters that will be controlled are as follows. Firstly, the damping time constant where there is an amplitude drop of half of the height. Secondly, the period length and finally the signal level attenuation. It is essential to also note that the single level attenuation is dependent on the total number of uses of the periods. The main reason for the use of ‘dampened sinusoids’ rather than the sinusoids that have been used in previous research is the following. The dampened sinusoids have been noted to be similar to the single pulse resonance sounds. This has been used in the past for communication by a number of animals and thus it plays a very important role in this research. Since the sound of the single dampened sinusoid is similar to that of one cycle of a vowel, thus the close resemblance to the natural sounds has been used in the research. The benefits of it are numerous and it has been noted that the control is also relatively easier. It will also be interesting to note that this is the only study which used stimuli with a wavelength shorter than one period and also with an increased length in the scale of the logarithm, with almost sixteen periods of the

My Jewish Experience Essay Example for Free

My Jewish Experience Essay In a first glance, Hawaii seems to be a country that strictly holds its cultural values and identity with pride, leaving no room for foreign beliefs and practices to grow. However, my first impression has been proven wrong as for the first time, I set foot on the halls of Temple Emanu-el, a Jewish synagogue situated in 2550 Pali Highway, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817. On a Friday evening, 28 November 2008, half an hour past seven, I was exposed to the practices and beliefs of Orthodox Judaism through Rabbi Peter B. Schaktman .. It was a moment of mixed emotions for me since I only knew Judaism through books, television, films, and internet, and that I thought I would have been overwhelmed by the spectacle of one of the world’s major religious systems However, I was initially surprised by the size of the synagogue as it was totally different from how I had imagined it to be; the place was relatively small, perhaps because Judaism is not Hawaii’s main religion, nevertheless, the size of the place was just different from what I always thought. Judging by the size of the place, I would say that 300~350 people could seat accommodated in the synagogue. The structure’s ceiling was high, and the interior designs made me recall the facades of the Roman Catholic Church. The synagogue also contains what the pastor called an Ark, the ark is a decorated cabinet wherein the Torah of the synagogue is housed And like other places of worship, I also noticed that Temple Emanu-el also has a pulpit in an elevated platform where the torah and other scriptures are read. Judaism is a religion that promotes Jewish identity and culture, I seemed to have noticed that there is not much art in the in the Ark of Temple Emanu-el. The most probable reason is that the Jewish consider that part of the synagogue as the holiest area. Apart from the decorative curtain that serves as the cover for the Ark, the only objects to be seen in the synagogue are object of religious significance such as the ark and a candle stand. The only non-religious object close enough to be considered art were a couple of flowers in vases positioned near the ark. During the worship service proper, the only clergy member present in the synagogue was Rabbi Schaktman. I have no idea as to why he was the only clergyman present during the time, but during the worship services, he was accompanied by a Cantorial Soloist named Ken Aronowitz who sang the songs and hymns. Although religious hymns and songs are not to be appreciated as an artistic effort, I can say that Mr. Aronowitz’s voice is captivating enlightening. While I was participating in the worship services, I have observed that the devotees have the book named Gates of Prayer. I realized that people from the sect consider the book as a guide to the service and to spiritual enlightenment. From my experience that night, it appears that in every service, the Rabbi discusses and interprets every chapter of the book with the devotees. Based on my observation, the book contains the words of God as well as the hymns of praise to God. Continuing further with the practices and rituals, I noticed that a particular differences between Judaism and Christianity, first is on the discussion of the contents of Gates of Prayer. During the service, Rabbi Schaktman read and discussed the distinction of Jews from non-Jews through analysis of the words non-Jews celebrate : Jews Observe. The Rabbi interpreted the exact contents of the book, however, he just used a language that everyone could simply understand. There are certain moments where the Rabbi told us a story based on his experiences and related the story with the topic discussed during that night. And the story the Rabbi used was an article from the newspaper Honolulu Advertiser which revolved around the celebration of thanksgiving. The Rabbi said something about Jewish attitude for Thanksgiving, and in doing so, he implied that as a Jew, celebrating Thanksgiving is violating the Law of Moses and that conforming to tradition not set by God and his prophets Christmas should be eliminated. Another distinction I have observed in the Jewish worship service was the hymn or the songs of praise. In practicing Christianity, I had to separately bring the bible and a book which contains more than 700 songs. In Temple Emanu-el, the words from God (which is taken from the scriptures) and songs were compiled in the Gates of Prayer, and most of the songs of praise appear to be sung in the Hebrew language. In addition, the songs of praise come in between the Rabbi’s preaching. After he finished a paragraph in the book, people sing. Although I couldn’t understand the language of the hymn, the songs definitely got through me in such a way that the tunes of the songs remain in my head. If I had recorder, I really wanted to record the songs but, our instructor advised that it is a rude gesture to bring a recording device and record activities of people we are not familiar with. Another fascinating ritual is the Jewish commemoration of the dead. The walls on both sides of the Temple Emanu-el lists names of more than 500 people on wood surrounding the synagogue and right beside the names were light bulbs with a few turned on.. At first I thought it was some sort of decorative art to make the temple attractive, but I asked to Rabbi after the service, and he said that the names with the light bulbs turned on were the dead people who worshipped in the temple and died during that week or that month. The Rabbi also said that it was the Temple’s way of cherishing the memory of their deceased brothers and sisters. Although the temple’s ritual of honoring the deceased was relatively new to me, it produced a deep impression on me. This is because I only knew of commemorating rituals in the traditions of Christianity. And I personally thought that the Christian practices of preserving the memory of the dead accorded with the other religious systems. Another ritual I saw during my visit at the Temple Emanu-el was the Jewish tradition on marriage. That night, an engaged couple came to the temple with their families, the Rabbi gave them blessing of Lynne Chun and Harvey Reackmil on the occasion of their upcoming marriage, and after the Rabbi granted the blessing, everyone started to say â€Å"mazltof! † I guess that it is their way of saying congratulations to the newly blessed couple. . After the speech of service, Rabbi Schaktman slowly came to our side and tried to make eye contact with each of us. I initially thought that I needed to pay for the collection just like in the Christian church that I used go to. But from the way he looked at us, I felt like he is trying to give us a chance to realize our sins for the past week and prompt us not to make the same mistakes again. Following the ending ceremony of the service, I came to a realization that the Jewish religion is not as promising as it claims itself to be. As far as I respect some of the Jewish beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices, I honestly find Judaism’s norms uncomfortable. One is that the doctrines are so individualistic and very prejudiced as the Rabbi discussed the evils of not being Jewish and how the Jewish way turns out as the right path in life. Also the Rabbi gave us an impression that I and the rest of the class who went there were not welcome in their temple or in their community. Maybe I was just being too sensitive in this matter, but when I tried to talk to the Rabbi, he did not pay any attention to what I was saying or to the questions I were asking. The experience was alienating, although the Rabbi constantly told us to comeback anytime, we felt it was just a gesture with no thought to it. As my disbelief and mistrust in God or any divine being, I find myself unmoved by the beliefs and practices of Judaism. Neither did its changed my skepticism of God As such, visiting the temple and participating in Jewish worship services did not affect my beliefs, ideas, and my own perception of the experience as well as the religion itself. However, it does not necessarily mean that I do not respect Judaism and all of its followers, as a matter of fact; despite the unwelcome treatment we received from the Rabbi, my utmost respect for Judaism and for its believers remain firm. Like other major religions in the world, my visit in Temple Emanu-el has proven that Judaism, as manifested by their doctrines and songs of praise, is a religion rich in tradition, culture, and ways to establish identity. But religion is not about continuation of tradition or establishment of identity, but it is more of professing and expressing personal beliefs regardless of what such beliefs hold.

Salem Witch Trials :: essays research papers

Dearest James, It has been a long time since we have talked. I hope you and your family are well in Jamestown, give your parents my best wishes, and tell your sister hello for me. I am writing to you in hopes that this will not be my last letter; for everything has gone to pieces in Salem. It all started when Faith and I decided one night to meet out in the field and play games in the moonlight. We meant no harm by it; we only thought it might be a bit fun to do something different. We never thought anyone would see us. Flashback Mary laughed heartily. â€Å"Stop it Faith, hush. You are being too noisy, some one may hear us, and then what would we do?† Faith giggled as she spun around. â€Å"It’s gorgeous tonight, don’t you agree? The moon is at it’s fullest, the stars are as bright as the sun itself, and we have it all to ourselves.† She turned to wait for a response, but Mary just shook her head. â€Å"Oh come on Mary, you know you want to just get up and dance. Come on now!† Faith took Mary’s hands and pulled her up to her feet. â€Å"Faith, I really don’t feel like dancing. What if we were to get caught? Then what would people think? They’d think we were crazy as drunkards, that’s what. None of this, let’s go now.† â€Å"Come on! Just this once, and then we’ll leave. Promise.† Mary rolled her eyes but joined in as Faith began to hum and dance around. After a few minutes Faith caught a glimpse of some one walking down the road. She slowly stopped dancing and tapped Mary on the shoulder. â€Å"Now who do you think that could be?† As Mary turned to look the man began jogging towards them. â€Å"Now look Faith, I told you we’d get caught. Come on now, we had better explain ourselves.† Mary took Faith’s hand and led her out onto the road. â€Å"Mr. Bradford!† she exclaimed. â€Å"What are you doing out at this hour?† His tired eye grew wide in surprise. â€Å"I†¦ I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he began to stutter. â€Å"I have to go ladies†¦ good night,† and he scurried off. Faith furrowed her brow in confusion. â€Å"What do you suppose that was about?† â€Å"I don’t know.† Mary shook her head. â€Å"But I don’t like it, let’s get out of here.† Flash forward James, we had no idea anything would come of it.

A Shifting Self of a Postmodern Detective in City of Glass

The main character in City of the Glass has a split subjectivity and is presented to the readers at the first beginning as having multiple identities. â€Å"In the triad of selves that Quinn had become, Wilson served as a kind of ventriloquist. Quinn himself was the dummy, and Work was the animated voice that gave purpose to the enterprise† (Austere, 6). Quinn publishes under the pseudonym William Wilson and lives through Max Work, the novel hero he creates. William Wilson is only â€Å"an invention† that serves as the â€Å"bridge† for him to walk into Works detective voice (Austere, 4).Quinn is solely the puppeteer â€Å"dummy' – an empty husk. His thinking and Interior voice Is substituted by Max Work, who gives life to Quinn In his solitude. As Is written In the novel, â€Å"the writer and the detective are interchangeable† (Austere, 8). The â€Å"private eye† looks into objects and events in search of ideas, in order to make sense of th em, leading to an ultimate truth. For Quinn, the â€Å"private eye† holds â€Å"a triple meaning† (Austere, 8). Throughout the story, we as readers are engaged in the split of ‘l' when we look into the case with the three eyes.One is of an â€Å"Investigator†, probably Max Work who discerns details and traces of facts; two is room the lifeless â€Å"self† wealth Quinn, who keeps a distance from the outer world; and the last eye from the writer or narrator of the story that appears In the end when the case dissolves. The destabilize of subject challenges the readers, as the detective drifts from one identity to another, we also lost a stable detective eye to scrutinize the case. The imaginary figure Max Work is present in the world of others – the fictive outside world.For this reason he is more real and powerful than Quinn. â€Å"The more Quinn seemed to vanish, the more persistent Work's presence In that world became† (Austere, 9). HI S vanishing Inclination Is perhaps due to his alienation In actual world. After the death of his loved ones, he is no longer the ambitious part of him that published a number of works. He hides behind his pseudonym to be in touch with his agent, publisher and readers on the surface. Having no friends and family, he â€Å"no longer exists for anyone but himself† (Austere, 4).This isolation of himself from others accounts for his desire to replace a unified Quinn with multiple Identities, since there Is no connection with others that anchors his subjectivity. And afflicted with all the devastating experience and traumatic memory. Max Work, on the other hand, is an â€Å"aggressive† and â€Å"quick-tongued† (Austere, 9) detective figure whose consciousness Quinn relies on throughout the investigation. Though he has no knowledge of any crime, he attempts to draw relations between events Just like Max would do.Max embodies a modern detective notion of attaining truth through one's rationality and consistency, yet Quinn represents a deciphering subject without a coherent self. A classic detective novel hails the power of reason, and a traditional detective's observation to uncover mysteries is associated with seeking transcendent truth in a modernist perspective. Quinn's desire to lose himself, or to assume alternative identities are incongruous with a traditional detective, who generally has a coherent and consistent self (Sourpuss, 76). The quest for Peter Stallion Sir. s identity is also an attempt to find Quinn himself, which is revealed in his putting down his initial, Q in his red notebook that records the case. However, indulged in the case, Quinn easily shifts himself into the role of detective â€Å"Paul Austere†, an author in the novel mistaken for a detective. â€Å"To be Austere meant being a man with no interior, a man with no thoughts†, â€Å"If his own inner life had been made inaccessible, hen there was no place fo r him to retreat to† (Austere, 61). By being Paul Austere, Quinn empties his inner life and takes up the consciousness of another imaginative figure, a role shaped after detective models.Quinn becomes a mere husk and has nowhere to go back, which shadows his final destiny of disappearing from the scene. Towards the end, the death of Peter Stallion and Quinn's encounter with the real Paul Austere makes him realize his inability to uncover the truth. He is â€Å"nowhere† and â€Å"he knew nothing† (Austere, 104), which is the beginning state of being nowhere he desired. This detective story seems a circle returning to the original point, compared to a linear structure of a conventional one with a definite solution.Without solving the puzzle, Quinn loses himself eventually. Sourpuss wrote that the detective must be a consistent person that enables him to concentrate on the mystery outside of him. Therefore, a degree of ambiguity involved in the detective's very iden tity will interfere with his ability to tackle the mystery at hand (76). As this applies to Quinn, a writer-detective who gets lost in the labyrinth in search of his own identity, it explains he failure of the investigation with no solution in the end.

Environmental Engineer Essay

For an Environmental Engineer, it is very important to know the jurisdiction that one will be working in. Not only is thorough knowledge of the natural characteristics such as geological and meteorological aspects of the jurisdiction to scientifically cater to the unique environmental concerns of a certain area, but it is also essential that one also knowledge of the social and judicial aspects of the jurisdiction for easier cooperation with the citizens and more efficient applications of environmental impact assessments and mitigations or development of environmental policy and regulation, for example. The Northwest Territories and Nunavut are unique in many aspects that concern Environmental Engineering practice. In general, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are already geared towards environmental safety, conservation, and regulation. For example, in the Northwest Territories, programs are already in place to ensure sustainability of forest use, regulation of wildlife protection and use, etc. In Nunavut, their Department of Environment actively apply what they call Avatittinnik Kamatsiarniq, or environmental stewardship, to conserve their vast natural resources and promote sustainability, a principle that is based on the Inuit culture and must be respected by any Environmental Engineer who plans to practice in that territory. In fact, one must have good knowledge of that culture as the Inuit populace of Nunavut make up the majority of the demographic and thus their culture and belief system have a great influence on governmental policies, considering that the self-governing system of the Inuit is unique to Nunavut and issues such as land claims are a constant concern. Similarly, the agencies of the Northwest territories also make use of the traditional knowledge of the Inuit concerning the natural resources and the relationship between man and environment. As North American Indians comprise the majority of the population in the Northwest Territories, they appreciate the value of this knowledge and these are taken into consideration in the making of public policies which include environmental engineering law. To work in the Northwest Territories, one must be aware of programs such as the NWT Protected Areas Strategy, that utilizes a community-based process as it makes sure to respect Aboriginal rights to balance conservation and economic development. The programs already in place and the social set-up of the jurisdiction are only part of the concerns of an Environment Engineer, of course the physical aspects of the territories are also important. The weather is an important part of the culture of the Aboriginal people, not only are the weather extremes (such as the record-breaking Arctic heat in Nunavut) and the natural hazards serious concerns, climate change is also a much monitored phenomenon. The geological makeup and position of Nunavut and the Northwest territories make them very vulnerable to climate change effects, such as the possible melting of permafrost. In the Northwest Territories, their use of their abundant mineral resources have caused a great strain in the environment such as the giant earth scars left by diamond mines or the hazardous tailings pond spills, and the Environmental Engineer should not only be aware of these for future mining operations but could also work together with other agencies to alleviate these prior issues. Furthermore, the geology of Nunavut can span most of Earth’s history with great economic potential yet it is still very underdeveloped, and yet, they are actively advertising extreme sports tourism which could cause environmental as well as safety concerns. In all, there is a balance in the naturalistic Aboriginal-based society and community and the raw environment of this jurisdiction that gives the Environmental Engineer a unique practice.

Everything You Need to Know The Great Gatsby Era

Everything You Need to Know The Great Gatsby Era SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Great Gatsby takes place during a time that's now known as the Jazz Age or the Roaring 20s. Wondering what the world was like when Jay Gatsby struck it rich in bootlegging? Curious to see how much Daisy and Myrtle's struggle for more echoes the lives of real women? Interested in the other ways that The Great Gatsbyera matters to the plot of the novel? This article will guide you through the historical, economic, and social movements of the 1920's as they relate to events, themes, and characters in The Great Gatsby. Why DoesThe Great Gatsby EraMatter? Understanding what the world was like during the time the novel is sethelps you in all sorts of ways: Figuring out an author's assumptions. Writers are products of their time, so knowing what they would have assumed to be true makes reading their work richer. For instance, inThe Great Gatsby, it's taken for granted that the Jewish gangster Meyer Wolfshiem would need the WASP-y face of Jay Gatsby to make some of his deals, since Wolfshiem wouldn't have been allowed to join or participate important political and business networks. Getting a deeper grasp of character. To get a really good sense of why characters in the novel do what they do, it's useful to know the specific historical circumstances they are dealing with. For example, it's all well and good to assume that Daisy should leave the boorish Tom, but divorce would have been way more complicated for a woman in the 1920s than it is today. Developing a richer interpretation of symbols, motifs, and themes. Knowing the hot-button issues of the novel's day gives you a good second way to support arguments about the importance of a particular theme, or your reading of the meaning of a symbol. (Of course, the primary support for these arguments should come from the text itself!) Suppose you wanted to analyze the importance of cars in The Great Gatsby. It would help your argument to talk about the sudden skyrocketing prevalence of cars on the road in the 1920s, connecting them to increased danger, status symbol consumerism, and modern life. Historical context: the giant arm propping up the baby that is your argument. When DoesThe Great GatsbyTake Place? The Great Gatsby was published in 1925 and is set in 1922, near the beginning of the decade. (See our article on this novel's publication and reception history for more.) As such, theGreat Gatsby era is theperiod in 20th century U.S. history nicknamed both the â€Å"Roaring 20s† and the "Jazz Age." The first nickname points toAmerica's post-WWIeconomic prosperity and the country's greater influence abroad. The second nickname refers to this period'schanging social norms and daring artistic movements. Gatsbyis now seen as both a product of and a record of the 1920s. What does this mean? Let's explore. Before The Great Gatsby: WWI and Modernism Although many previous events eventually influenced the 1920s, there are two crucialpieces of background history that you have to know. World War I World War I dramatically affected the United States in the 1920s (and, of course, shaped much of the 20th century all over the world as well). On the one hand, it elevatedthe U.S. into a world super power and ushered in a decade-long economic boom.On the other hand, its horrific death toll and seeming meaninglessness forever dispelled the idea of war as noble and glorious. Abrief recap of what happened. After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir of Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914, Austro-Hungary and its ally Germany declared waragainst Russia. Russian allies France and England were pulled in to defend Russia. The smaller European powers were forced into the war as well, based on whatever alliances they had made in the past.For the first three years, the U.S. remained neutral, instead profiteering from the war by selling supplies toboth sides of the conflict. But, in 1917, the U.S. was pulled into the fighting, fearing an alliance between Germany and Mexico. WWI was a war of trench warfare, chemical weapons, shrapnel artillery, and other gruesome technologies that had never been seen before. When you combine this level of mass destruction with the fact that most of the war was a territorial stalemate (no army advanced, no army withdrew - they were just locked in a horrible tie), it's easy to see how unaccountable the 40 million deaths the war caused were. The survivors of the war - both the veterans and those who came of age during the fighting - were called the Lost Generation. F. Scott Fitzgerald, though he didn't actually see any fighting during his time in the army, was a member of this generation. (See our brief biography of Fitzgerald to learn more.) You should know about WWI (and its aftermath) because: Both Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby have military backgrounds. Gatsby's early romance with Daisy is heightened by the initial idealism that he was about to go fight in a noble and glorious endeavor. Some of the rumors swirling around Gatsby point to how fresh the war was in everyone's mind (that he was a German spy during the war, or that he is related to Kaiser Wilhelm, who ruled Germany during the war). Modernism and the Lost Generation The war and its devastating after-effects, particularly in Europe, fed into the creation of a new artistic movement: modernism. Modernism was all about breaking with the past. In contrast to 19th century writing that tended to reinforce the status quo, modernism rejected old-fashioned ideas like heroism and moral certitude. Similarly, modernism writers experimented with form and style rather than sticking with traditional forms of prose and poetry. Inspired by the devastation of WWI, writers in The Lost Generationembraced a cynical view of human nature. Fitzgerald himself waspart of a circle of modernists who regularly met inParis (others included Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Sinclair Lewis, and the painters Picasso and Matisse). Fitzgerald wroteThe Great Gatsby while in Paris, surroundedby this group. You can connect modernism withthe novel's descriptions of East Egg and West Egg extravagance. Like his fellow modernists, Fitzgerald was deeply critical of the wealth and capitalist success ushered in by the post-war boom, considering the new obsession with money and status shallow. What trench warfare looked like. Imagine spending weeks in this hole in the ground. The Great Gatsby Era:The Roaring 20s At the time when the novel takes place, the U.S. was in the middle of a tremendous economic boom and a soaring stock market that seemed to be on a permanent upward swing. At the same time, many of the social restrictions of the early 20th century were being rejected, and progressive movements of all kinds were flourishing. Prohibition, Bootlegging,and the Speakeasy Socially progressive activists in both the Democratic and Republican parties united to pressure the government to ban alcohol, which was blamed for all kinds of other social ills like gambling and drug abuse. In 1920, the U.S. passed the 18th Amendment, outlawing the production and sale of alcohol. Of course, this did little to actually stem the desire for alcoholic beverages, so a vast underground criminal empire was born to supply this demand. The production and distributionof alcohol became the province ofbootleggers - the original organized crime syndicates. Selling alcohol was accomplished in many ways, including throughâ€Å"speakeasies† - basically, underground social clubs. Since speakeasies were already side-stepping the law, they also became places where people of different races and genders could mix and mingle in a way they hadn’t previously while enjoying new music like jazz.This marked a shift both in how black culture was understood and appreciated by the rest of the country and in how women’s rights were progressing, as we’ll discuss in the next sections. If you understand the history of Prohibition, you'll make better sense of some plot and character details inThe Great Gatsby: Gatsby makes his fortune through bootlegging and other criminal activities. Gatsby's business partner Meyer Wolfshiem is a gangster who is affiliated with organized crime and is based on the real-life crime boss Arnold Rothstein, who was indeed responsible for fixing the World Series in 1919. Any time someone isdrinking alcohol in the novel, they are doing something illegal, and are clearly in the know about how to get this banned substance. Gatsby’s parties have a speakeasy feel in that people from different backgrounds and genders freely mix and mingle. One of the rumors about Gatsby is that he is involved in a bootlegging pipeline of alcohol from Canada - this is a reference to a real-life scandal about one of the places where illegal alcohol was coming from! Police emptying out confiscated barrels of beer into the sewer. Women’s Rights The 19th Amendment, passed in 1919, officially gave women the right to vote in the United States. Suffrage had been a huge goal of the women’s movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so this victory caused women to continue to push boundaries and fight for more rights during the 1920s. The ramifications of this were political, economic, and social. Politically, the women's rights movement next took up the cause of the Equal Rights Amendment, which would guarantee equal legal rights for women. The amendment came close to eventually being ratifiedin the 1970s, but was defeated by conservatives. Economically, there was an increase in working women. This began during WWI as more women began to work to make up for the men fighting abroad, and as more professions opened up to them in the men's absence. Societally, divorce became more common. Nevertheless, it was still very much frowned on, and being a housewife and having fewer rights than man was still the norm in the 1920s. Another social development wasthe new â€Å"flapper† style. This term described women who would wear much less restricting clothing and go out drinking and dancing, which at the time was a huge violation of typical social norms. If you understand this combination of progress and traditionalism for women's roles, you'll find it on display in The GreatGatsby: Daisycontemplates leaving Tom but ultimately decides to stay. Jordan parties and doesn’t seem to be in a hurry to settle down. Myrtle flouts traditional rules by cheating on her husband but is killed by the end of the book, suggesting women are safest when they toe the line. Women's suffrage parade in New York City. Racial and Religious Minority History The post-war boom also had a positive effect on minorities in the U.S. One of the effects was thatJewish Americanswere atthe forefront of promoting such issues as workers rights, civil rights, woman's rights, and other progressive causes. Jews also served in the American military during World War I in very high numbers. At the same time, their prominence gave rise to an anti-Semitic backlash, and the revival of the KKK began with the lynching of a Jewish man in 1915. Another post-WWI developmentwas the Harlem Renaissance, acultural, social, and artistic flowering among African Americans that took place in Harlem, NY, during the 1920s. Artists from that time include W.E.B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday. You can see the effects of these historical development several places in the novel: jazz music is a fixture of Gatsby’s parties, and almost every song that Fitzgerald describes is a real life piece of music. Nick's love of Manhattan as a diverse melting pot is illustrated by the appearance in Chapter 4 of a car with wealthy black passengers and a white driver. Tom Buchanan's racist rant in Chapter 1 and his fears that the white race will be "overrun" by minorities is based on the backlash that African American advancement occasioned. The novel includes Nick's anti-Semitic description of a Jewish character - Meyer Wolfshiem. There are modern theoriesthatJay Gatsby is may be half blackand that Daisy may actually be Jewish. Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes Automobiles The 1920s saw huge increases in the production and use of automobiles. Almost 1 in 4 people now had a car! This happened because of advances in mass production due to the assembly line, and because of rising incomes due to the economic boom. Car ownership increased mobility between cities and outer suburban areas, which enabled the wealthy to work in one place but live in another. Cars also now created a totally new danger, particularly in combination with alcohol consumption. If you're aware of the newness and attraction of cars, you'll notice that inThe Great Gatsby: The wealthiest characters own cars and use them to commute between Manhattanand Long Island. Cars are clearly used to display wealth and status - even Tom, normally secure in his superiority, wants to brag to George Wilson aboutthesuper-fancy Rolls Royce heborrows from Gatsby. Cars are tools of recklessness, danger, and violence - there are several car accidents in the novel, the most notable of which is when Daisy runs Myrtle over and kills her in Chapter 7. Death machine, or no, you have to admit that's a pretty cool-looking car. The Bottom Line Understanding historical context helps you in all sorts of ways: Figuring out an author's assumptions. Getting a deeper grasp of character. Having a richer interpretation of symbols, motifs, and themes. The Great Gatsby was published in 1925 and is set in 1922, a time nicknamedboth the â€Å"Roaring 20s† and the "Jazz Age." There are two crucialpieces of background history that you have to know to understand the novel: World War I.Its horrific death toll and seeming meaninglessness forever dispelled the idea of war as noble and glorious.The survivors of the war - both the veterans and those who came of age during the fighting - were called the Lost Generation. Modernism and the Lost Generation.Modernism was all about breaking with the past, experimenting with form and style, andembracing a cynical view of human nature. The Great Gatsbyera was distinguised byan economic boom, the rejection of oldsocial restrictions, and progressive movements of all kinds: Prohibition, Bootlegging,and the Speakeasy.The U.S. bannedalcohol, ushering ina vast underground criminal empire, including speakeasies -underground social clubs. Women’s Rights.The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.Politically, the women's rights movement next took up the cause of the Equal Rights Amendment.Economically, there was an increase in working women.Societally, divorce became more common, and the "flapper" style was born. Racial and Religious Minority History.Jewish Americanswere atthe forefront of promoting progressive causes.Another post-WWI developmentwas the Harlem Renaissance, acultural, social, and artistic flowering among African Americans. Automobiles.Car ownership increased mobility between cities and outer suburban areas, andcreated a totally new danger, particularly in combination with alcohol consumption. What’s Next? Learn more about how The Great Gatsby was received when it first came out, and also read about the life ofits author, F. Scott Fitzgerald. Excited to dive in? Check out our articles onGatsby’s title, its opening pages and epigraph, and itsfirst chapter. Or, zoom out toa summary of The Great Gatsby, along with links to all ourgreat articles analyzing this novel! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Glow in the Dark Duck Tape Triboluminescence

Glow in the Dark Duck Tape Triboluminescence You can use duck tape to see an example of triboluminescence, the glow given off when some materials are subjected to mechanical stress or friction. The duck tape (or duct tape) triboluminescence project is extremely easy and only take a few seconds to try. It doesnt matter whether you call the tape duck tape or duct tape, but your results seem to depend partially on the brand you use: Henkelâ„ ¢ works well. What You Do Tear off two strips of tape. Stick the pieces together with the sticky sides facing each other, leaving enough tape so that you can pull the strips apart. Turn out the lights. Give your eyes a minute or two to adjust to the dark. Pull the strips of tape apart. How It Works Did you see the blue line where the tape separated? This is triboluminescence, which is a type of luminescence triggered by mechanical energy or electrical energy from an action such as friction. You can get the same effect from other types of tape as well. A good one to try is transparent Scotchâ„ ¢ tape. If you have a hard time separating strips of tape with their sticky sides together, you can see the triboluminescent glow simply by pulling the tape (quickly) off of the roll, though the light will not be quite as bright.